Multi-modal fluid condition sensor platform and system therefor

ABSTRACT

This invention encompasses embodiments for multi-modal integrated simultaneous measurement of various aspects of fluids contained in circulating systems such as automotive reciprocating engines and vehicle transmissions. These circulating systems perform constant internal lubrication, and heat and contaminant removal to protect the internal moving parts from the inherent friction and damage in normal operation. Most commonly this is achieved with fluids based on hydrocarbon and/or related synthetics, which, over time, can lose their protective properties, and vary in their performance or breakdown/decay due to internal and external events. Several components within the lubricant fluid can be measured and can provide insight into the efficacy of the system to perform its designed mission. Described herein is a real-time, simultaneous, integrated, multi-modal sensor system for early warning notification that can be further enhanced using specifically designed nanoparticles that can be introduced into the system, engineered to specifically bind with the contaminants and/or undergo an irreversible state change upon certain experienced conditions to both increase the detectability as well as provide for a framework to improve filter performance.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention encompasses embodiments for multi-modal integratedsimultaneous measurement of various aspects of fluids contained incirculating systems such as automotive reciprocating engines and vehicletransmissions. These circulating systems perform constant internallubrication, and heat and contaminant removal to protect the internalmoving parts from the inherent friction and damage in normal operation.Most commonly this is achieved with fluids based on hydrocarbon and/orrelated synthetics, which, over time, can lose their protectiveproperties, and vary in their performance or breakdown/decay due tointernal and external events. Several components within the lubricantfluid can be measured and can provide insight into the efficacy of thesystem to perform its designed mission. Described herein is a real-time,simultaneous, integrated, multi-modal sensor system for early warningnotification that can be further enhanced using specifically designednanoparticles that can be introduced into the system, engineered tospecifically bind with the contaminants and/or undergo an irreversiblestate change upon certain experienced conditions to both increase thedetectability as well as provide for a framework to improve filterperformance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This field of invention is related, but not limited to, the automobileindustry. In particular, the field relates to mechanical engines andlarge-scale mechanical devices that utilize motile lubricating fluidsoperating in high temperature environments. For these lubricants, itwould be beneficial to monitor in real-time the changing fluidproperties, the levels of contaminants, and changes in performance toensure safe and reliable operation of the equipment being protected bythe lubricating system. This approach applies to automotive vehicles,aircraft or spacecraft, industrial equipment, wind-turbines, life-savingmedical machinery and other critical devices. The conditions of fluidsare often detected using a static, periodic approach, typicallyrequiring removing fluid from the system, often by extracting a sampleof the fluid to send to testing laboratories around the world, whichhave established procedures and methods to measure a number of aspectsof the lubricating fluid, including historical time-series of variousparameters. It is common practice to apply such time-based longitudinalmonitoring of the fluid to detect changes over time to gain anunderstanding of the changes in performance within the closedenvironment. For example, the presence of specific particles atincreasing concentrations can indicate levels of wear and performance ofcertain underlying components within the system being lubricated. Thistesting typically measures changes in characteristics of the fluid overtime, including detecting changes and deterioration of underlyinglubricating fluid and additives and the detection of normal (expected)and abnormal (unexpected) “wear” of the moving parts due to normaloperation. Static samples are usually sent to a facility that performs anumber of tests, including detecting the presence of foreign materialsand objects. In some cases, such as when the lubrication fluid ischanged, the lubrication filter is commonly sent as well as the oil fortesting and detailed analysis. For both the sample and the filter, thisis a destructive “tear down” analysis—such that the filter and thesample are not returned to service, but evaluated and subsequentlyremoved. Tests typically performed in the laboratory include detectionof metallic and non-metallic particles, presence of water or othernon-lubricant liquids, carbon soot and other components, and in somecases, verification that the underlying chemistry of the lubricant isstill intact. A written (or electronic) report is generated andtransmitted to the stakeholder upon completion of the testing. Resultstypically take days or weeks from extraction to stakeholder review.

A number of low-cost lubricating fluid measurement products andtechniques are emerging onto the market—including a consumer static“check” of a motor oil sample (see lubricheck.com) which measures thechanges in electrical impedance characteristics (electrical capacitanceand resistance when a small electrical source is applied across thesensor where a sufficient sample size of the lubricant bridges thesensor electrode across to the detector). This approach performs asingle-dimensional measurement of oil sump fluid properties at a pointin time in the evolution of the oil (i.e. a static measurement),providing insight only when the operator manually extracts a sample ofoil to be tested and only indicates changes in the electrical propertiesshould the data be appropriately logged and tracked over time. Thisapproach has many drawbacks including the interval sampling (only whenthe operator makes a measurement), as well as the potential forcounteracting forces from the presence of multiple contaminantsintroduced into the fluid to mask the true state/condition of thelubricant. As an example, in the case of an automobile engine, thenormal operation of the combustion engine will produce carbonby-products as a result of the operation of the engine (this is whatdiscolors the oil), if a vehicle were producing only this carbon “soot”the resistance would change (increase) due to the introduction of thesoot. If at the same time, the engine were undergoing adverse ‘wear’ tothe extent that small metallic particles were produced as an abnormalcondition across the internal moving parts, these particles woulddecrease the resistance, as metal is a better conductor over the baselubricant. In the case where both soot and metallic particles were beingproduced at the same time, they could partially or completely cancel outsome or all the measurable effects—thus providing a false indication ofthe true condition of the lubricant and underlying engine. A testinglaboratory analysis by comparison performs a number of tests which wouldbe able to independently detect the presence of both materials in thebase lubricant fluid and provide an accurate report of the condition ofthe fluid and the resulting system.

Lubricating fluids have to accommodate a wide range of operatingconditions—including variances in temperature, pressure, purity, andstate change. Lubricants are often optimized for a specific operatingenvironment and temperature range and are expressed in viscosity. Somelubricants are designed to operate with multiple viscosities (e.g.,10W-30 multi-grade viscosity motor oil). Typically, measurement of thefluid condition and properties is static and performed externallyoutside this operating environment via sampling when in astatic/non-operating state. Static sampling does not necessarilyvalidate the condition of the fluid in the operating state—either withinor outside the normal/typical operating range. There are expensive andcomplex sensors that have been developed for measuring lubricating fluidand other liquids in real time—either for use in laboratory environmentsand conditions or for very high-value machinery where immediate sensorlubrication information is critical. Companies such as Voelker Sensors,Inc. offer a product for the machine tool industry that measures in realtime a number of parameters including oil level, oxidation (change inpH), temperature, etc. The sensor element is not MEMS based and has alarger footprint, and is not suitable in size/form factor for operationwithin automobile oil/lubrication systems (“Continuous Oil ConditionMonitoring for machine Tool and Industrial Processing Equipment”Practicing Oil Analysis (9/2003).

Beyond VSI there have been various implementations of continuouselectrical property measurements as performed by Halalay (U.S. Pat. Nos.7,835,875, 6,922,064, 7,362,110), Freese et. al., (U.S. Pat. No.5,604,441), Ismail et, al, (U.S. Pat. No. 6,557,396), Steininger (U.S.Pat. No. 4,224,154), Marszalek (U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,737), and otherswhich disclose either a singular vector analysis (electrical) or a timeseries measurement of electrical properties to derive an understandingof the oil condition. The challenge remains, as in the Lubricheckapproach, to overcome the interdependent and true measurement cancellingeffects that can report an incorrect oil condition. This is preciselywhy the fluid testing protocols and laboratories apply tests acrossmultiple dimensions to include spectral analysis as well as tests todetermine metal and other foreign object content in the oil samples.

Lubricants are designed to perform beyond their stated range and arefurther enhanced through the addition of “additives” to extend thelifetime and safety margin of the fluid. Understanding the lubricationlongevity is crucial for the safe operation of the system. Replacementof the fluid is performed typically at very conservative (i.e. short)recommended intervals, providing a wide safety margin for the operator.In general, lubricants can operate for significantly longer intervals,or in the case of specific equipment operating in harsh environments(e.g. military equipment used on the battlefield or in miningoperations, etc.) may require a more aggressive replacement cycle. It isimportant to determine when the lubricating fluid cannot continue toperform according to specifications determined by the equipment/systemmanufacturers. As long as the lubricating fluid is within the safemargin of operation, it may operate indefinitely and not need to beexchanged or replaced with fresh lubricating fluid.

Providing a more precise measure of the fluid's performance can maximizethe lifetime of both the lubricant and the equipment the lubricant isprotecting. As the cost of the equipment and the hydrocarbon lubricantincrease, so does the value of providing both a longer and more preciselifetime of the lubricant and early detection and notification ofpending equipment performance deterioration (including motor, filter,and other components in the system, etc.). This approach can potentiallysave lives when critical equipment failures are detected in advance. Inaddition, should the fluid fail and contribute to the equipment breakingdown, this system potentially eliminates the resources required and timelost to repair/replace the underlying/broken equipment. This approachalso avoids the loss of service and resources required to complete oilchanges more often than actually needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In embodiments, an integrated system is provided for continuousmonitoring of multiple properties of a fluid derived from measurementsfrom a plurality of sensor modalities within a fluid-based closed-systemenvironment. Suitably the system is an in-motor lubrication monitoringsystem and the monitoring is real-time.

In further embodiments, the systems further comprises engineerednanoparticles, which when hound to target contaminants, provide a uniqueand measurable signature and can be captured and removed fromcirculation by a filtration device. Suitably the nanoparticles changestate when one or more target environmental conditions are met. Inembodiments, the nanoparticles enable the detection of temperatureexcursions beyond designed operating specifications (i.e., temperatureshigher or lower than the operating specification). In furtherembodiments, the nanoparticles enable the detection of pressureexcursions beyond designed operating specifications (i.e., pressureshigher or lower than the operating specification). In additionalembodiments, the nanoparticles enable the assessment of the performanceof said filtration device.

In certain embodiments, the system is built into the form factor of astandard size and shaped oil plug element found within a reciprocatingengine oil drain plug, wherein said system is remotely located from adisplay and processing unit by wired or wireless data telemetry.Suitably the system further comprises a remotely located processing anddisplay unit.

In other embodiments, the sensor modalities comprise at least two ofelectrical, temperature, magnetic, optical and pressure sensors,suitably at least one of the sensor modalities comprises an inductor. Inembodiments, the sensor modalities comprise at least magnetic andoptical sensors and in other embodiments the sensor modalities compriseat least electrical, magnetic and optical sensors.

in certain embodiments, the system is contained within an epoxyencapsulation that can support high temperature and high pressureenvironments contained within the oil plug mechanical design.

In certain embodiments, the system further comprises multiple digitalsignal processor modules for detection of both single and multiplerelated fluid characteristics. In embodiments, the systems furthercomprise multi-stage output signal generation selected from the groupconsisting of error indication, specific data signature detectionsignal, specific data signature signal detection strength level, andFast Fourier Transform (FFT) data output.

In other embodiments, the sensor modality measurements are analyzedusing Kalman Filtering techniques, Baysian analytic techniques,hidden-Markov Filtering techniques, fuzzy logic analysis techniques orneural network analysis techniques.

In exemplary embodiments, the sensor modality measurements comprise atleast one of the following: differential temperature comparison,differential magnetic sensor comparison, differential inductive sensorcomparison, differential electrical impedance comparison, differentialoptical absorption comparison, any combination and integrated comparisonconsisting of at least a set of two sensors, data comparison of eachsensor vector versus time and temperature, data comparison of anintegrated vector consisting of a set of at least two sensors combined,inductive data comparison versus time and temperature, optical datacomparison versus time and temperature, optical data comparison versustemperature and pressure, temperature data comparison versus time andpressure to detect peak heat, and other sensor combinations.

Also provided are methods of continuously monitoring an operating fluidof a machine comprising: measuring a first condition of the fluid usinga first sensor modality, measuring a second condition of the fluid usinga second sensor modality, filtering data from the sensors, integratingthe data from the sensors, analyzing the data from the sensors, derivinga property of the fluid from the data, transmitting the derived propertyof the fluid condition to a receiver, and repeating the process so as toaccumulate a time-series of a fluid property that tracks changes in theoperating condition of the fluid. In embodiments, the methods furthercomprise tracking the condition of the fluid by calculating the timeseries expected rates of change versus observed rates of change of anysingle or multiple conditions. In additional embodiments, the methodsfurther comprise calculating the expected divergence or convergenceacross multiple sensor time series data of anticipated and expectedmeasured value changes versus unexpected changes.

Further embodiments, features, and advantages of the embodiments, aswell as the structure and operation of the various embodiments, aredescribed in detail below with reference to accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a representation of an exemplary real-time multi-modal fluidsensing system described in this application.

FIG. 2 is a representation of an exemplary major in-engine sensor sourceand receiving elements making up the multi-modal fluid sensor solution.

FIG. 3 is a block representation of an exemplary major electronic andfirmware elements of the system presented within this application.

FIG. 4 is an inset diagram of exemplary optical sensors.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of exemplary processing electrical and/orfirmware elements comprising the Digital Signal Processing modulesincorporated within the display and processing portion of the systempresented within this application for integrated multi-modal sensorcalculations.

FIG. 6 is a representative framework of discrete wavelengths for thevarious optical properties detection.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It should be appreciated that the particular implementations shown anddescribed herein are examples and are not intended to otherwise limitthe scope of the application in any way.

The published patents, patent applications, websites, company names, andscientific literature referred to herein are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety to the same extent as if each wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.Any conflict between any reference cited herein and the specificteachings of this specification shall be resolved in favor of thelatter. Likewise, any conflict between an art-understood definition of aword or phrase and a definition of the word or phrase as specificallytaught in this specification shall be resolved in favor of the latter.

As used in this specification, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the”specifically also encompass the plural forms of the terms to which theyrefer, unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. The term “about”is used herein to mean approximately, in the region of, roughly, oraround. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numericalrange, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above andbelow the numerical values set forth. In general, the term “about” isused herein to modify a numerical value above and below the stated valueby a variance of 20%. It should be understood that use of the term“about” also includes the specifically recited amount.

Technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonlyunderstood by one of skill in the art to which the present applicationpertains, unless otherwise defined. Reference is made herein to variousmethodologies and materials known to those of skill in the art.

To provide a more accurate understanding of a fluid, conductingmulti-modal tests simultaneously can help to give insight into the trueoperating status and condition of the lubricating fluid. In embodiments,an integrated system is provided for continuous monitoring of multipleproperties of a fluid derived from measurements from a plurality ofsensor modalities within a fluid-based closed-system environment.Suitable embodiments utilize a combination of advancedMicro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and semiconductor techniques toplace the laboratory tests directly into the fluid to continuously andconcurrently measure multiple aspects of the fluid and report theseparameters individually to a programmable computer to provide paralleland integrated real-time analysis of the fluid condition. As used hereinthe term “sensor modalities” include measurement of the magnetic,electrical and optical properties of a fluid as well as measuring thetemperature and pressure of the fluid, also called “multi-modal”analysis or tests throughout. These measurements can be done bothindividually and combined—to provide an integrated insight into thecondition and status of the fluid. As single-dimension tests may“obscure” any single result caused by the interplay between twodifferent contaminants in the fluid (e.g. the combination of bothelectrical resistance increasing and electrical resistance decreasingforeign matter in the system), the application of simultaneousmulti-modal sensing using a plurality (i.e., two or more) sensingmodalities improves the fidelity and accuracy of the measurements.

To provide an enhanced understanding of the fluid conditions, inembodiments, specially engineered nanoparticles are introduced, designedto enhance sensing and capture of undesired contaminants in the fluid aswell as trigger an irreversible property change upon experiencingadverse conditions within the system. Specifically engineered anddesigned particles are either added to the fluid, or impregnated intothe filter and triggered/released into the fluid flow in the presence ofcontaminants, including water, anti-freeze, metal particles, carbonsoot, etc. The nanoparticles are not detected until a triggering event.The resulting combined or state-changed particle becomes measurable bythe multi-modal sensors (plurality of sensor modalities) and provides amore sensitive and complete understanding of the fluid condition. Theresulting combined particle is also better collected by specific filterstages or by magnets (e.g. if paramagnetic) than the contaminant withoutnanoparticles. This process involves three primary steps: first, thenanoparticles and their surface attachments are designed to activate inthe presence of specific contaminant targets, identified throughpractice and through an understanding of the various contaminantconditions that a lubrication system may encounter. Second, thenanoparticles are introduced into the lubricating system, either as anadditive or impregnated into the materials within a filter. Finally,nanoparticles are activated and subsequently detected by the multi-modalsensor system whilst in the operating environment. Further, thecombination of the nanoparticles attached to the contaminant suitablybecomes better filtered and removed from active circulation within thelubrication system. Alternatively, continued detection and measurementof nanoparticles by the multi-modal sensor may indicate a partial orfull failure of the fluid filter.

Nanoparticles can also be released into the fluid during normaloperating conditions. In such an embodiment, nanoparticles can bedesigned to change state if any part of the lubrication system exceeds atarget operating condition. For example, such nanoparticles can bedesigned to change state irreversibly if excessive temperatures areexperienced anywhere within the engine lubrication system. Theenvironmentally induced change in nanoparticle properties can later bemeasured and recognized to indicate that some part of the machinery maybe overheating. For example, the surface properties of the nanoparticlecan be altered under thermal stress. The changes in surface propertiescan be recognized by the sensor system, alerting the system of anexcessive temperature in a part of the system that otherwise wouldremain unmeasured. The particles can, for example, be designed to changefluorescence, paramagnetism or other physical or chemical propertyirreversibly above a target temperature. If any part of the system orcomponent exceeds this design temperature, these particles irreversiblychange state. The changed state can be measured at a single point in thesystem, such as at the multi-dimension sensor. This approach enables acontinuous indication of temperature limit at every point in thelubrication system. It provides a benefit equivalent to mountingtemperature sensors all over the internal environment, but at much lowercomplexity using fewer resources.

In embodiments, the engineered nanoparticles themselves serve aslubricating material, as their inherent precursor is based on a carbonnanostructure that has friction-reducing properties. Nanoparticles aswell have the inherent property of increasing the surface area/coverage,which improves the sensor detection (e.g. over-temperature conditiondetection) as well as improve the lubricating coverage within thesystem. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticles encompass metallicnanoparticles, which are coated with a thin (e.g., about 2 mm) layer ofgraphitic carbon that allows the covalent chemical functionalization ofthis carbon to result in chemically functionalized magnetic beads. Inother embodiments, the nanoparticles encompass metal magneticnanoparticles including, for example, cobalt, iron, nickel and alloys.In certain embodiments, the reactive metals are covered by graphene-likecarbon layers. In certain embodiments, the inert nature of carbonresults in a core-shell magnetic material exhibiting an extremely highthermal and chemical stability. In certain embodiments, the nanobeadscan be applied in harsh conditions, such as low pH and hightemperatures, without the problem of the oxidation of the metal core. Inother embodiments, the nanoparticles include covalent functionalizationof the metal nanomagnets. In certain embodiments, the binding relies oncarbon-carbon bonds, so no ligands are lost even under demanding processconditions (e.g., high functional loading). The wide range offunctionalization allows the preparation of beads with custom surfacefunctionalities. In particular embodiments, the nanoparticles aremagnetic beads with covalently functionalized aromatic groups, catalystsand protective groups. The highly magnetic properties allow a highrecyclability of the magnetic chemicals for reuse.

In multi-modal sensing, measurements are combined to determine the state(and state changes) for the fluid using software/firmware programming tocompare sensor inputs against reference datum and to detect changingfluid conditions across various measurement dimensions, including time.It is important to set thresholds for detection of foreign contaminantsin the oil. For example, a sufficient quantity of water over time cancause corrosion of critical elements normally protected by thelubricating fluid. Based on these thresholds, certain alerts and noticescan be provided, either transmitted through an output interface orpolled by a wireless interface, optionally using a portable hand-helddevice, such as a smart phone. To validate the ongoing assessment of thefluid condition, a secondary check can be done to verify themeasurements through periodic laboratory sampling. External validationcan be part of the conforming calibration process during initial testingof the multi-modal sensors. External validation can also qualifyadditional lubricating fluids and operating environments. Once thebaseline is understood, the thresholds across all the integratedmeasurements can be programmed into the semiconductor to provide thealerting functionality over and beyond the integrated measurement dataoutputs.

In additional embodiments, the systems and methods described hereindetect use of the wrong fluid or unsuitable lubricating fluid that maybe mistakenly introduced into the lubrication system. Operatingmachinery with the wrong lubricating fluid can cause irreparable harm ifnot immediately remediated. The multi-modal sensor ‘expects’ lubricatingfluid to be conforming, raising an alert when non-conforming fluid isintroduced and subsequently detected.

Specific individual sensors can be combined into a framework thatprovides a much more complete understanding of the state of the system,both for immediate measurement as well as longitudinal monitoring. Suchsensor frameworks greatly improve real-time monitoring of systemconditions and greatly improve the ability of the system toautomatically recognize and respond to a variety of operational events.

In particular, frameworks incorporating magnetic sensors facilitate thetimely recognition of ferrous metal contaminants. Alternatively, suchmagnetic sensing can detect magnetic nanoparticles. Other sensors in theframework can distinguish between the two. For example, paramagneticresonance can characterize the nature of the ferrous particles, andpotentially their size.

Integrating optical transmissometers, opacity measurements or spectralmeasurements into the framework provides an indication of particularcontaminants, for example, soot, water, or antifreeze solution.Integrated with nanoparticle sensing, detection of contaminants can beenhanced. Further the invention can be improved through theincorporation of multi-modal sensing analysis to include for examplepressure and temperature that may change the optical properties of thefluid. These correcting factors can be applied to improve the accuracyof the measurements.

Integrating electrical measurements into the framework provides a morecomplete picture of the fluid condition. These measurements can alsodetect nanoparticles, and can provide independent ways to distinguishbetween alternative fluid status and condition diagnoses. Nano-particlescan be engineered to be activated under specific conditions andcircumstances—such as a high temperature incursion—that irreversiblychange its state. This state change is detectable by a set of at leastone of the sensor modalities.

A control system integrates disparate sensors, utilizing patterns ofsensor conditions to “recognize” or “diagnose” sets of conditions worthyof further attention. Established mathematical algorithms for suchanalysis include and are not limited to Kalman filtering (and enhancedKalman filtering), hidden-Markov models, Bayesian analysis, artificialneural networks or fuzzy logic. These control systems can be implementedreadily in software, firmware or hardware, or a combination thereof(See: “Solutions for MEMS Sensor Fusion,” Esfandyari, J, De Nuccio, R,Xu, G., Solid State Technology, July 2011, p. 18-21; the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety)

In further embodiments, additional understanding of the fluid propertiesunder different machinery operating conditions can be gained, forexample, including “at rest” when the system is not operating, or at“peak heat,” which may actually occur after the system shutdown.Temperatures may increase after shutdown when no cooling fluid iscirculating. Fluid properties will change as the fluid heats and cools.Measuring these changes across the short heating or cooling interval canyield valuable additional indications and insights into the propertiesof the lubricating fluid. For example, optical absorption may vary asthe fluid heats, in addition, tracking the change in electricalproperties with temperature can provide further information as to thecondition of the fluid. Deviations may cause the control system torequest measurements not only when the machinery is operating but alsoupon startup or shut down, for example.

The present application overcomes a number of limitations of traditionaldiagnostics. First, the traditional time delay from fluid sampling totesting may place critical equipment at risk of damage. Sometimes thelubricating fluid is sampled at the time it is being exchanged. Whilepotentially useful for providing insight into the wear of internalparts, machinery may be operated in a potentially unsafe condition untilthe results are returned from the laboratory. Second, the lubricatingfluid may be exposed to extreme temperatures during operatingtransients, which can be often in excess of 150 degrees C., potentiallycausing some breakdown of additives in the lubricating fluid. Suchproblems are not usually detected, as the equipment often is “turnedoff” during these conditions. Although there is no new heat beinggenerated, residual heat is transferred into the lubricating fluid andcan potentially impact its performance. Such temperature extremes oftenrequire special engineering effort to design integrated in-situ sensingsystems to support reliable operation (e.g. from −50 C to +150 C).Further, sensors and other electrically active elements need to supportthis environment. Equally important is the support of various pressuresthat the lubricating fluid may experience during normal and high-loadoperations. An in-situ sensor framework must be designed to withstandthe peak temperatures and pressures experienced within the lubricationsystem over time.

Several variables provide insight into lubrication fluid properties.Some variables can be measured directly while others can be derived. Toachieve a basic understanding of fluid condition, several measurements(sensor modalities) of the lubricant may be helpful, including, forexample, temperature, absolute pressure, electrical impedance orresistance, pH, optical transmission or absorption, and magneticmeasurements. Measurements are either direct (e.g. temperature via atemperature sensor) or derived—such as degree of carbon buildup viacombined measurement of electrical and optical changes. Standardtechniques are available and used today such as thermocouples andpressure sensors to acquire some of these data points. Derivedmeasurements (e.g. viscosity conformance within operating range) can becalculated from direct measurements, and can be extrapolated over rangesof temperature and pressure. Additional detection methods include theuse of one or more inductive coils and magnetic sensors to enhancedetection of moving metallic particles. An optical transmissometer,comprised of an optical light source and optical detector, for example,measures the changes in absorption of optical light at variouswavelengths to characterize carbon soot buildup and other potentialcontaminants and materials in the lubricating fluid. All suchmeasurements should be temperature and pressure compensated (ornormalized) to provide an accurate indication of the underlying healthof the lubricating fluid.

Viscosity analysis derives a frictional index from multiple sensorreadings to determine the net fluidic friction of the lubricant. Thisinvention presents a simple method of deriving viscosity by measuring,for example, two magnetic sensors within the fluidic lubricant in aselected site to measure fluid flow. These magnetic sensors, such asno-latency Hall sensors, are substantially similar and located in closeproximity to one another within the lubricant flow. A small turbulenceinducer enables measurement near the sensors of slight differences inflow based on induced flow perturbation. This measure can be furtherintegrated with optical absorption measurements using the opticaltransmissometer. This integrated measure, coupled with temperature orpressure readings, provides a framework for calculating the frictionalindex. The Hall-based sensors are designed to be as similar as possible.Temporal and spatial variations not caused by the turbulence inducer aresubtracted using the two nearly identical sensors. Further, the shape ofthe turbulence inducer is designed to create subtle changes related tothe fluidic velocity, analogous to aeronautical applications in whichfluid molecules travel at slightly different speeds above and below anairfoil. Viscosity can be derived from these slight differencemeasurements along with the local temperature and pressure, usingdocumented lubricant viscosity reference data, providing an indicationof real-time lubricant conditions.

Sensors are suitably designed to withstand high temperatures of theengine lubricant. High-temperature thermocouples measure temperature,thick-film resistors enable pressure sensing, and high-temperaturemagnetic sensors. The optical measuring methods are based on provenhigh-temperature designs. The optical spectrum suitably ranges from UVto mid-IR in which the lubricating fluid is not emitting energy at hightemperature, depending on the fluid and the environment and potentialcontaminants. The transmissometer range is measured in millimeters andthe distance between the emitting element and the receiving element isprecisely controlled using known MEMS manufacturing techniques. Thisdistance between the optical emitting and receiving elements must bevery accurate. All of these elements have been implemented and operateindividually within these extreme temperature and pressure environmentin such a manner as to relay useful data. The design is not limited tothese methods. At present, these methods are proven effective andprovide a simple solution.

In embodiments, the systems and methods described throughout providereal-time monitoring of fluids such as those associated withhigh-temperature environments present within or associated with internalcombustion engines (i.e., monitoring the fluid during engine activitywithout the delay of removing a sample). Suitably, the systems andmethods monitor oil-based fluid lubricants normally used with internalcombustion engines, as well as other fluids such as transmission fluidsor glycol-based coolants such as anti-freeze, and other fluids inmanufacturing environments and critical life-saving medical equipmentused in the healthcare industry. The systems and methods suitablyprovide real-time monitoring using multiple sensor modalities todetermine the degradation of the monitored fluid under various operatingconditions. Another aspect is the ability of the invention to detect thepresence of known harmful particulates, such as metal, within thelubricant. Another aspect addressed is monitoring fluid with a sensormodule that is continually submerged within the lubrication fluid.Another aspect addressed is the introduction of specifically engineerednanoparticles that are designed to enhance sensing and capture ofcontaminants and adverse operating conditions. Another aspect addressedis the parallel and integrated real-time analysis of the fluidcondition. This invention also addresses high temperatures and otherconditions experienced in the operating environment of such machinery.

In exemplary embodiments a real time multi-modal fluid sensing system isin a self-contained embodiment of a single unit comprising an activesensing environment (100) intended to be submerged in the fluid to bemonitored. The sensors are attached to an assembly that can be placedinto the fluid with the electronic and active sensors embedded into aplug (300) that is held in place via a threaded bolt (200). The bolthead accommodates the non-sensor elements of the self-contained system(400) to include the microcontroller, filters and other elements. Alsosuitably contained within the assembly are inductor coils (108) andother methods of signal source to include power to operate the system.The bolt assembly is a self-contained platform that can be installed andremoved by a technician. Such an environment is typical of an oil drainplug on an automobile or a similar “low point” in a lubricating returnsystem that may also serve as a reservoir for the fluid. The fluidenvironment may be subject to changes in temperature and pressurethrough normal and abnormal operations. As such the sensors are designedto operate within the temperature and pressure specifications—as well ascustomary tolerances beyond the normal operating environment to be ableto detect abnormal conditions.

Within the sensing environment the system programmatically generates itsown local and low energy reference signal sources across multiple sensormodalities including magnetic, optical and electrical, and continuouslydetects values therein as well as passively receives continuous pressureand temperature measurements. The active elements of the sensor platform(100) are intended to be submerged in the fluid under measurement. Inthe case that the sensor is not submersed, either completely orpartially into the fluid, this can be detected and confirmed throughmultiple sensor confirmation across the optical (106) transmission tooptical reception (107) as well as electrical source (101) to reception(104) of expected value tolerances. In this way the condition of lack offluid can be detected by multiple approaches, as well as verify thatboth the electrical and optical sensors are correctly andcollaboratively cross-checked.

Magnetic sensing is achieved through generating a signal of apre-defined and programmable characteristic (102) that has a known fixedreference distance within close proximity to the magnetic sensors (103)that is received and processed by a control unit (109) that performssignal amplification, A/D conversion and data filtering. The sensing canbe accomplished by one or more sensors (103) of a type such that providea response rate commensurate with the signal, that can be the same typeor different and provide both direct and differential measurements ofthe fluid condition. The control unit (109) performs the steps to filterand analyze the signals, including amplification, noise reductionfiltering which is then communicated to the microcontroller (140).Magnetic measurements when coupled with other measurement dimensionsallow for both a confirmation of a detected condition as well as avector for detection of exception conditions such as a paramagneticNano-particle that upon activation develops a magnetic signature thatcan be detected. The Nano-particle activation is independent of thesensors and is triggered upon an exception condition—such as an extremetemperature limit being exceeded, etc.

One or more optical sensors (107) can be coupled to one or more opticalsource(s)(106) which can consist of one or more specific opticalwavelength emitters such as narrow frequency tuned light emitting diodes(LEDs) and optical receivers such as photoreceptors. Today's opticalemitters can be configured to emit light in narrow frequency bands. Suchwavelengths are dependent upon the specific types of fluid andcontaminants that may accumulate within the fluid. FIG. 6 shows arepresentative map over the near infrared region of such. The opticalsensing can determine a number of characteristics, including but notlimited to the presence of fluid, when the LED is emitting. Further theLEDs can be placed at different known and fixed distances fromaccompanying photoreceptors to provide a distance based profile of thelevel of absorption across different frequencies. The embodiment can beaccomplished by a single LED emitter to photoreceptors at knowndistances as well as multiple LEDs spaced at known distances from thephotoreceptor pulsed in a known sequence. The controlling logic ismanaged through software/firmware in the microcontroller (140) and inthe pre-processing module (109). Optical sensing can detect thedifference in both the specific wavelength absorption and time serieschanges in optical characteristics. The optical sensing developedoperates in both an active and passive mode. In the active mode theoptical source pulses light of known strength and wavelengths throughthe fluid to measure the degree and level of absorption of the lightfrom its source. This small scale transmissometer is configured todetect the specific contaminants and/or changes such as a breakdown inthe fluid properties across specific wavelengths, such as shown in FIG.6. The second mode of operation is to detect optically activatedNano-particles that have been triggered by an exception event such as atemperature excursion. In this mode a signal source (such as, but notlimited to, a specific wavelength optical trigger as well as anelectrical trigger or magnetic trigger) cause the specificallyengineered Nano-particle to fluoresce at a specific frequency that canbe subsequently detected by the optical sensors (107). Optical emitterscan be pulsed in a programmatic sequence such that a commonphotoreceptor can be applied as the sensing receiving point and thesoftware in the microcontroller can associate the emitter frequency tothe signal response received by the optical photoreceptor sensor.Further, Nano-particle activation is independent from the sensing. Thetriggering method for the Nano-particle if activated can be independentfrom an optical trigger, e.g. a Nano-particle can be triggered tofluoresce upon a magnetic or electric field source as its trigger, whichis provided by the multi-dimensional sensor.

Sensing changes in the electrical properties is accomplished by anelectric source (101) placed at known reference distance from anelectric capacitive measuring such as the constant of dielectric of thefluid. The strength and frequency of signal and measurement is based onthe programmable microcontroller firmware and is based and dependent onthe underlying characteristics of the fluid to be continuously monitoredwhich lies between the source and measurement sensing. The electricresistance and capacitance can be measured across the gap via the dataacquisition control unit (109). Different fluids will have differentproperties, and thus the ability to programmatically configure andcontrol both the source field and sensor receiving properties is animportant aspect of this invention. Further, the detection ofNano-particles can be triggered by the introduction of an electricalsignal of a certain characteristic such as a frequency, whichfacilitates detection either by magnetic or optical modalities.

Pressure sensing (111) and temperature sensing (110) are also connectedto the data acquisition control unit (109). These sensors can alsodetect normal and abnormal conditions in heat and pressure levels andprovide insight to the operating status of the environment. Fluidcondition changes—such as at rest (when the system is not operating)through the peak operating environment—can be evaluated by theprogrammable microcontroller unit (140). Such applications can bedeveloped in software/firmware to include developing an understanding ofboth “at rest” and “in operating” conditions. Further, the profile atspecific pressures and temperatures can be useful for both determiningcalculations (offsets due to temperature/pressure—such as if magneticsensors are based on using the Hall Effect (103)) as well as opticalproperty changes due to temperature and pressure profiles.

A real time clock (150) provides an accurate time basis to triggermonitoring events by the microcontroller module (140) and associateacquired data with a time basis for longitudinal analysis. The real timeclock provides both time and date information that can be associatedwith each of the recorded multi-modal sensor measurements.

The programmable microcontroller (140) also provides both pre and postprocessing of information including the use of filtering and otheralgorithms to provide data correction. The results are communicated viaa communications module (160) either via a wired or wireless connectionto a display unit (170). Both the display unit and the microcontrollermay possess internal storage (280) to record and evaluate time-seriesdata.

Within the microcontroller (140) sensor data is accumulated and subjectto additional filtering and integration across the multiple sensors. Theraw data is subject to processing by a set of at least one digitalsignal processor (DSP) for each of the individual sensor modalities suchas temperature, pressure, optical absorption, electrical impedance andmagnetic signature (203, 204, 205, 206, 207 and 208). A parallel outputof the results—both pre and post data correction filtering (220)provides both a raw data output (260) that can be communicated via acommunications module (160).

A configuration module (270) can dynamically set filtering andprocessing parameters to the enhanced filtering (220) to includebaseline and error conditions as well as other parameters includingconfiguring storage, event monitoring, triggers, etc. The configurationmodule is connected via the communications module (160) to an externaldevice.

The Nano-state detector (240) is a continuous check for any triggeredand activated Nano-particles that exhibit a signature across a set of atleast one of the sensors. This includes the detection of any activesignature as profiled and programmed into the microcontroller. The statedetector evaluates the outputs of the DSP processing from a set of atleast one sensor and integrates real time characteristic (230) data andassociated filtering and integrated characteristic data. The Nano-statedetector as well provides output to the display (260) and storage (280)as well as can receive configuration parameters via the configurationmodule (270).

Further, during operation that can be either continuous or polled atintervals as directed by the microprocessor and associated programmingsoftware, and further enhanced by the inclusion of a real time clock toprovide an accurate time basis (150). Such measurement “cross checking”provides for both inherent value confirmation, improves that datacorrection (by example Kalman filtering and other algorithmictechniques) and overall sensor system integrity. For many high valuesystems when a “fault” is detected, often the failure is not in theenvironment, but the sensor. This invention provides for thecross-correlation and verification of the inherent sensor platform bycontinuously validating across a number of the measurement criteria suchthat expected and anticipated sensor output/values can continuouslyvalidate the sensor system performance. In this way the isolation of theerror condition (e.g. the sensor failure) is in itself a valuableoperator insight—to identify and replace a faulty sensor as a knownfailed device.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific embodiments. The illustrativediscussions above, however, are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principlesof the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enableothers skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and variousembodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particularuse contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. An oil drain plug for monitoring multipleproperties of a vehicle comprising: a. a plurality of sensors in a selfcontained system for continuous monitoring of multiple properties of avehicle including oil pressure, temperature, fluid level, opticalabsorption, and electrical impedance based on said fluid derived frommeasurements from the plurality of sensors in said oil pan plug within afluid-based closed system oil pan environment, wherein the plurality ofsensors are embedded the oil plug; and b. a plurality of non-sensorelements of the self-contained system comprising a controller,amplifier, and radio frequency transmitter.
 2. The oil plug of claim 1,wherein said system is an in-motor lubrication monitoring system.
 3. Theoil plug of claim 1, wherein said monitoring is real-time.
 4. The oilplug of claim 1, comprising an oil plug element found within areciprocating engine oil drain plug, wherein said system is remotelylocated from a display and processing unit by wired or wireless datatelemetry.
 5. The oil plug of claim 1, additionally comprising aremotely located processing and display unit.
 6. The oil plug of claim1, wherein the sensor modalities comprise at least two of electrical,temperature, magnetic, optical and pressure sensors.
 7. The oil plug ofclaim 1, wherein at least one of the sensor modalities comprises aninductor.
 8. The oil plug of claim 1, wherein the sensor modalitiescomprise at least magnetic and optical sensors.
 9. The oil plug of claim1, wherein the sensor modalities comprise at least electrical, magneticand optical sensors.
 10. The oil plug of claim 1, contained within anepoxy encapsulation that can support high temperature and high pressureenvironments.
 11. The oil plug of claim 1, further comprising multipledigital signal processor modules for detection of both single andmultiple related fluid characteristics.
 12. The oil plug of claim 1,further comprising multi-stage output signal generation selected fromthe group consisting of error indication, specific data signaturedetection signal, specific data signature signal detection strengthlevel, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) data output.
 13. The oil plug ofclaim 1, wherein the sensor modality measurements are analyzed usingKalman Filtering techniques.
 14. The oil plug of claim 1, wherein thesensor modality measurements are analyzed using Baysian analytictechniques.
 15. The oil plug of claim 1, wherein the sensor modalitymeasurements are analyzed using hidden-Markov Filtering techniques. 16.The oil plug of claim 1, wherein the sensor modality measurements areanalyzed using fuzzy logic analysis techniques.
 17. The oil plug ofclaim 1, wherein the sensor modality measurements are analyzed usingneural network analysis techniques.
 18. The oil plug of claim 1, whereinthe sensor modality measurements comprise at least one of the following:a) Differential temperature comparison; b) Differential magnetic sensorcomparison; c) Differential inductive sensor comparison; d) Differentialelectrical impedance comparison; e) Differential optical absorptioncomparison; f) Any combination and integrated comparison consisting ofat least a set of two sensors; g) Data comparison of each sensor vectorversus time and temperature; h) Data comparison of an integrated vectorconsisting of a set of at least two sensors combined; i) Inductive datacomparison versus time and temperature; j) Optical data comparisonversus time and temperature; k) Optical data comparison versustemperature and pressure; l) Temperature data comparison versus time andpressure to detect peak heat; and m) Other sensor combinations.
 19. Theoil plug of claim 1 further comprising an on board processor to provideprocessing of data from said sensors.